by Jaume Ollé, 10 October 1998
Last modified: 2020-07-26 by rob raeside
Keywords: carboneria | italy | carbonari | naples |
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by Jaume Ollé, 10 October 1998
by Jaume Ollé, 10 October 1998
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The Carbonari flag was horizontal stripes of blue (top), red
and black, representing the burning charcoal.
Dave Martucci, 22 February 1998
Carboneria was a secret society founded in Italy at the very
beginning of the XIX century. It played an important role in the
political life of the country. The most credited origin is an
extension of Masonry, introduced in Italy from the French
invaders of Napoleon's troops. It is possible that the failure of
the campaign of Gioacchino Murat - husband of a Napoleon's sister
(Carolina) and king of Naples since 1808, who was seeking to get
the power overall Italy in 1815 - lead his supporters to organize
themselves in secret groups. There was no link among the
different groups, even inside them members knew only a few of the
others. This exaggerated secrecy was one of the causes of the
failure of Carboneria. By the way, it was exported outside the
Italian borders too, in France and Spain. The movement ended
about 1840. There were many riots and failed revolutions inspired
by Carbonari (pl. of Carbonaro) during the first half of the XIX
century: on July 1820 at Naples, on march 1821 in Piedmont
(Biella), on 1828 in the Two Sicilies Kingdom (in the area about
Salerno, known as Cilento). They used horizontal tricolors in
blue, black and red, in different orders. The origin and meaning
of those colors is unknown, nevertheless blue and red were the
colors of Murat, whilst black was in use in 1807 for the flags of
Giuseppe Napoleone. Of course it is also the coal color! The
highest achievement for Carboneria was the insurrection of 1820
at Naples. General Guglielmo Pepe lead the insurrection (he was a
former officer of Murat and defender of the Partenopea Republic):
the King Ferdinando I was compelled to accept a constitution on
July 7 and on 21 the white flag of the Borboni received a cravat
in the Carbonari colors of black-sky blue-red. The cockade in the
same colors was to be used by everybody in the kingdom. On March
23, 1821 the Austrian troops restored the order.
Sources: Armi Antiche, issues of 1986 and 1987. Articles
by Aldo Ziggioto about the flags of the Southern States of Italy.
Il Tricolore - Duecento Anni, by Ugo Bellocchi, 1997. Grande
Enciclopedia Popolare Sonzogno, 1910.
Pier Paolo Lugli, 29 June 1998
The flag of the Carbonati, frequently reported wrongly as
napolitan flag or ensign.
Jaume Ollé, 10 October 1998
"Carboneria" is the name of a secret political
movement, born in the Southern Italy since the period of French
rule, and was active expecially in the years 1820-1821 against
the foreign domination (remember that the unity of Italy is dated
1861). It was organized by separated cells, in all the Italian
territory.
Most of Carbonari (the members of Carboneria) were middle-classed
liberal and intellectual people; they had not strong relations
with popular masses and this was their weakness.
"Carbonaro" is an old form for "Carbonaio" (
= coalman), but I do not know why they choose this name. I guess
also "pasta alla carbonara" is related to coalmen. In
the current Italian language, "carbonaro" means
"secret" and "carboneria" means
"cospiracy".
Giuseppe Bottasini, 13 October 1998
