Last modified: 2021-08-26 by valentin poposki
Keywords: hulunbuir | russia | burga | barga | turkestan |
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I visited the chinese pages and I was surprised hat the republic of Turkestan
in Russia was classified as Chinese. The republic of
Turkestan was the successor state of the imperial province of Turkestan,
mainly the modern Turkmenistan and
Kazakhstan and part of Kazakhstan and is unrelated with
China.
Also about Hulunbuir (called also Burga or Barga), there's some informations in
the page that should be wrongs. I believe that
Hulumbuir don't remained in Chinese hands after 1920. Hulunbuir was a
secessionist state from China, with support of Russia
(like Tuva); in 1913 recognized chinese sovereignity under autonomous status,
but remained de facto independent under Russian influence; but in 1917 russian
power collapsed and in 1919 China reconquered the region
(autonomy was revoked some months later); the flags in the banknote (dated 1919)
can be the Burga local flag or the China republic flag (but notice that it has
not a upper light stripe); in 1920 was in hands of Von Sternberg, his white
troops and his buriats allieds until it was defeated in 1921 and the communist
take the power. In the web I found about Burga the following explanation:
Barga- also Hulunbuir. Barga is a region in northwestern Manchuria slightly
larger than Illinois. It was a major goal of Russian expansionism during the
early twentieth century, due to its abundant natural resources. While the area
was under Chinese jurisdiction, many Russians emigrated to the area, and by the
Chinese Revolution of 1911 outnumbered the Chinese, although not the native
Mongols. As Chinese central authority collapsed, the Bargut Mongols (with a
great deal of Russian "assistance") declared their independence, announcing
their intention to join Mongolia. When Manchu troops were dispatched to Barga,
they found that the Mongols had large stockpiles of Russian materiel, and
Russian troops had entered the territory to train and assist the Bargut
fighters. The Chinese were steadily pushed out of the province, and in March of
1912 Barga formally seceded. At this point, the Russians generously offered to
step in as mediators. The weak Chinese Republic agreed to Russian conditions,
and Barga was made an autonomous province, while the Russians gained a great
deal of influence. At several times, Chinese troops entered Barga to test the
Mongol defenses, and Russian troops intervened rapidly. Barga's autonomy was
revoked in 1920, as Russian power in the east collapsed.
Source:
http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/872/why-did-mongolia-split-in-two-when-they-declared-independence
Many commoners and nobles in Inner Mongolia as well as Hulunbuir and some Huh
Nuur Mongols agreed to cooperate with Bogd Khanate Mongolia. Khalkh conquests
freeing Inner Mongolia from Republic of China was mostly successful until Russia
and China called Bogd Khanate leaders for trilateral summit in Khyagta disabling
Bogd Khanate Mongolia to expand their territory. Another thing happened was that
Bogd Khanate Mongols freed Hobd territory from Manchu rulers incorporating
non-Khalkh territory into their land.
Then I suspect that Hulunbuir was conquered by China togheter all independent
Mongolia in 1919. In 1920 was liberated by Von Sterneberg and in 1921 was
enclosed in the Mongolia Peoples Republic, and remained in this until 1929
(after a failed independence movement in 1928) when was proclaimed newly
independent republic. Later I don't know if the republic joined the Manchurian
government of Zhang Xueliang (the son and successor of the warlord Zhang Zuolin
+ 1928) or remained independent until 1931 when the Japanese soldiers occupied
Manchuria.
In Wikipedia, in the biography of Merse (a mongol leader), is stated:
Early in his political life, Merse established close ties with the independent
state of Mongolia and
the Soviet Union. In 1922, he attended a pan-Mongol conference organised by
Buryat at Verkhneudinsk
(today Ulan-Ude), capital of
the Republic of
Buryatia).
In October 1925, he became the secretary-general of the newly-founded Inner
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party at Kalgan
Zhangjiakou.
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merse_%28politician%29#cite_note-Li97-1
Even the name of the party itself represented Merse's careful balancing act
between the
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in independent
Mongolia, and the various
political parties in China, at a time of
Kuomintang-
Communist Party
of China cooperation: the Mongolian name echoed the MPRP's Mongolian name,
while the Chinese name echoed "Kuomintang".
The KMT-CPC split of 1927 reflected itself into the IMPRP's own internal
situation. The party split into two factions under the pro-China Serengdongrub
and the pro-Ulaanbaatar/Moscow Merse (though
Ulanhu would later try to
frame this purely as a split between KMT and CPC supporters). Merse and other
left-wing elements within the party took steps towards more radical action:
organising an armed uprising.
Comintern agent Ivan P. Stepanov promised them arms and funding. Thus, in
1928, Merse and his Daur compatriot
Fumintai (ИЃУїЬЉ or АНУёЬЉ) led a group of
Barga Mongols in an
uprising in his hometown Hailar, attempting to establish local autonomy. Sources
refer to this by a variety of names, including the "Hulunbuir Uprising" and
"Barga Rebellion". However, the Comintern repudiated Stepanov's statement, and
the Mongolian and Soviet governments denied all association with the uprisings,
and arrested Merse's associates who had gone to Ulaanbaatar during and after the
uprising. No outside support would be forthcoming. The Chinese authorities
arrested China
Eastern Railway assistant director
Mikhail Lashevich
in connection with the uprising in August 1928 Merse was thus forced to end his
uprising and make peace with
Zhang Xueliang in
September 1929. The Barga, for their part, fled to independent Mongolia, where
they would become the target of political repressions in the next decade.
According Enciclopedia Hispano-Americana (know as Enciclopedia Espasa, edited in
Barcelona betwen 1910-1920), Appendix 7, pag. 632, published 1932, in the
exposition of the recent history of Outer Mongolia, states (my translation to
English): "12 december 1929 was proclaimed in the district of Burga a new
independent republic that has by capital Hailar". Seems clear that independence
was from Outer Mongolia.
Jaume Ollé, 04 April 2013
Turkestan have no relations with
China. May be authors mean "Eastern
Turkestan"? People`s Republic of Eastern Turkestan was proclaimed in 1943
and in 1949 became part of China.
Victor Lomantsov, 04 April 2013
Eastern Turkestan has is own page (correctly
classified as Chinese). The wrong classified page is referred to
Russian Turkestan and its pictured flags are from
the short lived Soviet republic.
Jaume Ollé, 04 April 2013
