![[Flag of Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo Barrios]](../images/s/sv^emcggb.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 3 September 2022
Last modified: 2023-10-03 by rob raeside
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image by Ivan Sache, 3 September 2022
Escuela Militar "Capitán General Gerardo Barrios" (EM) is the cadet academy
of the Salvadoran armed forces.
The Colegio Militar established by a
Decree of the Executive issued on 21 February 1868 was renamed to Escuela
Politécnica de El Salvador by a Decree issued on 14 January 1888, and to Escuela
Politécnica Militar by a Decree issued on 24 August 1900. During these early
years, most instructors were French, Spanish and Chilean officers.
The
present-day's academy was organized by a Decree issued on 28 January 1927 and
renamed to Escuela Militar "Capitán General Gerardo Barrios" by a Decree issued
on 25 August 1965.
Instituto Especializado de Nivel Superior (IENS) "Captain
General Gerardo Barrios Military School" was established a public institution at
the service of the State by Executive Agreement No. 61 issued on 22 December
1999; its Statutes were approved by Executive Agreement No. 15-0154 issued on 10
January 2000.
http://escuelamilitar.mil.sv/
Official website
Gerardo Barrios
(1812-1865), a liberal soldier and politician, is considered as the Father of
the Salvadoran Nation.
Barrios joined the army commanded by General Francisco
Morazán (1792-1842), the liberal champion of Central American federalism, whom
he would relentlessly support during the next decades. As his baptism of fire,
Barrios significantly contributed on 6 July 1828 to the victory of Gualcho. In
1839, he fought against Honduras and Nicaragua, in the battles of Espiritu Santo
(5-6 April) and San Pedro Perulatan (35 September); during the latter fighting,
he seized the bell tower where the enemy had entrenched themselves and was
wounded in a leg. The injury that left him lame for the rest of his existence.
This heroic action earned him the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the army of the
Central American Federation.
On 5 April 1840, Morazán and Barrios embarked in
the port of La Libertad aboard the schooner "Izalco"; some exiles stayed in
Costa Rica, including Gerardo Barrios.
In 1841, England sought to
establish a protectorate in Guatemala and especially in Nicaragua. Morazán
called his friends and companions in exile, who all agreed to return to El
Salvador to offer their military services against the foreign aggressor. Gerardo
Barrios also came among the cadre of officers. They landed in February 1842 in
the port of La Unión, where the offer of their services was not accepted. Later,
in Acajutla, the refusal persisted, forcing them to withdraw. Incited by a group
of Costa Rican citizens, the exiles planned the overthrow of Braulio Carrillo,
who had declared himself the perpetual and inviolable chief of Costa Rica.
Morazán was appointed provisional chief of Costa Rica until the uprising that
culminated in his execution. Barrios, as a prisoner of war, was eventually
granted asylum in El Salvador. Having left Costa Rica on the steamer "Coquimbo".
Barrios and his soldiers were nicknamed "los coquimbos".
Barrios was
called by President Miguel Santin del Castillo to take charge of the supreme
government of El Salvador. Four days after taking over the office, he moved the
capital back to San Salvador, which had been in Cojutepeque since the 1854
earthquake. In January 1859, Barrios resigned from the general command of the
armies of El Salvador to occupy a seat in the Senate. In September 1858,
"temporarily exercising the Presidency of the Republic", Barrios had Morazán's
remains brought from Costa Rica to San Salvador.
On 24 January 1860, the
Assembly granted him the office of Captain General. Four days later he was
declared elected by the people for the Presidency of the Republic.
Barrios
sent an expedition to Nicaragua, which failed to overthrow the government of
General Martínez; as a retaliation, Nicaragua invaded El Salvador, occupying
Chalchuapa, after having defeated the forces of El Salvador in Izalco and
Sonsonate. From 29 September to 26 October 1863, Guatemalan and Nicaraguan
forces besieged San Salvador; Barrios and a few soldiers could escape, embarking
on 8 November 1863 in La Unión for Panamá.
In 1865, Barrios sailed to El
Salvador on the schooner "Manuela Planas"; lightning destroyed the mainmast of
the ship that wrecked. Barrios took refuge in Corinto (Nicaragua) and was taken
prisoner and brought to León. The Nicaraguan government handed him over to the
Salvadoran commissioner, under the condition that the prisoner's life be
guaranteed. Barrios was brought to trial in San Salvador and was accused to be
involved in the aborted Cabañas uprising (May 1865). He was sentenced to the
death penalty and executed in the general cemetery of San Salvador.
http://escuelamilitar.mil.sv/index.php/quienes-somos/biografia-de-gerardo-barrios
Official website
The color of Escuela Militar Capitán General Gerardo
Barrios is garnet red with the school's emblem in the center.
The
traditional coat of arms of EM was made official by Executive Decree No. 40
issued on 29 July 1961.
Article 1.
The description of the coat of
arms is as follows.
The shield shall be of Swiss type, with three vertices in
its upper part and another one in its lower part, the central upper vertex being
the highest, which will protrude from the two lateral ones that shall be at the
same level. The proportions between the shield's widest horizontal and vertical
parts shall be 1 to 1.1. The shield shall have a golden border, limited by a
black stripe on the outside and an identical one on the bottom. The width of the
golden stripe shall be three times that of each of the two black stripes that
limit it.
The field of the shield shall be charged with the following legends
and symbols: in chief, the writing "República de El Salvador" in black capital
letters with a thin golden border. In the center of the field, letters "EM",
filled with gold and limited by well-defined thin black borders. The letters
shall be surrounded by a garland made up of two laurel branches, joined at the
bottom by a blue and white ribbon. Each branch shall have seven segments of
leaves, each of them bearing two small red fruits.
The lower writing shall
cover the right, center and left corners of the field, in the upper linen "Escuela
Militar", and in the lower line, between quotation marks and with a slightly
larger font, "Capitán General Gerardo Barrios". The latter writing shall be
parallel to the border of the shield. The words "Escuela Militar" shall
coincide, letter by letter, with the words "General" and "Gerardo",
respectively. The lower part of the center point shall be covered for the most
part by a ribbon in the colors of the national flag and arranged symmetrically,
with the following writing on the central stripe, which is white, "Nuestra
divisa es vencer o morir" [Our motto is to win or die], words that were
pronounced by Captain General Gerardo Barrios in his proclamation to the army in
1862.
The symbolism of the colors of the arms of the Military Academy
shall be as follows.
Sable or [black] stands for the disinterest with which
the officers train in classroom work for their country. Gold represents the
height of the goals that the academy constantly imposes. The vert or green color
of the laurels that surround the initials "EM" represents the strength,
perseverance and intrepidity that the academy knows how to instill in its
alumni. The red fruits on the laurel branches represent the courage, fidelity
and honor that characterize the conduct of the cadet, as a future officer of the
armed forces. Blue represents the clean sky of El Salvador and respect for
justice, which is instilled in the spirit of each man who is taught in the
classrooms of the military alma mater of El Salvador; white represents the
purity of the ideals that animate the academy in its work of training officers.
The symbolism of the letters and figures shall be.
Letters "EM" are the
initials of the military academy The laurel wreath represents the glories,
intimately linked to the military academy by the works of its alumni, and they
represent each of the 14 departments of El Salvador. The blue and white ribbon
that unites the laurel branches represents the sublime cohesion that with a high
sense of patriotism unites Salvadorans in time, distance and circumstances when
the nation faces dangers.
http://escuelamilitar.mil.sv/index.php/quienes-somos/decreto-de-oficializacion-del-escudo-de-la-escuela-militar
Official website
Photo
https://mire.gob.pa/ministerio/visita-a-escuela-militar-capitan-general-gerardo-barrios/
Ivan Sache, 3 September 2022
FEPADE (Fundación Empresarial para el Desarrollo Educativo -
Entreprise Foundation for the Development of Education) was set
up by a group of Salvadoran companies to promote the development of private
enterprise and human capital via the improvement of public education and higher
technological education. FEPADE website at
www.fepade.org.sv.
The flag of FEPADE, as
shown near the President of the Foundation, is white with a
golden fringe and the emblem of FEPADE in the middle. The emblem
of FEPADE is made of a yellow book with an embedded letter
"F", flanked on its right by the writing: FEPADE
FUNDACIÓN EMPRESARIAL PARA EL DESARROLLO EDUCATIVO The letter
seem to be blue.
Source:
www.fepade.org.sv/presidente.html.
Ivan Sache, 14 February 2008
![[Flag of Colegio Español Liceo Castilla]](../images/s/sv_coelc.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 7 November 2010
The Spanish College "Liceo Castilla", whose activity
started in January 2007, was founded in San Juan
Opico, Department of La Libertad, by a group of Spanish and
Salvadoran citizens. It is a private, non religious institute.
From Liceo Castilla
official website - The flag
of Liceo Castilla is horizontally divided red-yellow-blue with
the institute's coat of arms in the middle. Red represents
sacrifice, yellow, value and blue the moral and
spiritual principles (as the colour of the sky).
The coat of arms of
Liceo Castilla is: "Quarterly, 1. and 4. Gules a
three-towered castle or, 2. Azure a flower of "izote"
proper, 3. Azure a book opened argent with a branch of
olive". The shield represents the merging of the Castilian
and indigenous cultures in El Salvador, represented by the
castles and the flower of "izote", respectively. The
book represents teaching, culture and spirit of knowledge in a
peaceful atmosphere (Source: Liceo
Castilla official website, symbols' page, with images of the
flag and coat of arms).
Izote is Yucca jaliscensis Trelease, Family Agavaceae. See picture and
taxonomical records at
www.yuccaagavaceae.com
Ivan Sache, 9 February 2008
On the institute's website, the source page showing the symbols has moved to:
http://www.liceocastilla.edu.sv/contenido.php?id=12.
Ivan Sache, 7 November 2010
![[Flag of Universidad Católica de El Salvador]](../images/s/sv_unica.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
Universidad Católica de El Salvador (UNICAES) was established on 13 April
1982, as Universidad Católica de Occidente, in Santa Ana. UNICAES has a regional
seat in Ilobasco (Cabañas). The university's Statutes were approved by Executive
Agreement No. 1,210, issued on 25 June 1982 by the Ministry of Education. The
university was granted Roman Catholic identity by Pope John Paul II on 18
December 1982; Article 24 of the Statutes states that the Bishop of Santa Ana
shall be the rector of the university and shall propose the members of the Board
to the El Salvador Bishops' Conference for approval.
The university was renamed to UNICAES in 2008.
UNICAES is composed of 4 Faculties: Engineering and Architecture, Business,
Science and Humanities, and Health Sciences.
Source: UNICAES website
The flag of UNICAES is vertically divided red-white-yellow with the university's
emblem in the center.
Photos:
http://www.cri.catolica.edu.sv
http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/nacional/206255/universidad-catolica-de-el-salvador-hara-aulas-y-talleres-para-alumnos/
https://twitter.com/cnjelsalvador/status/941781457487454209
Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
![[Flag of Universidad Don Bosco]](../images/s/sv_udb.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 07 July 2018
Universidad Don Bosco (UDB) was established on 5 March 1984 in Soyapango
by the Salesians of Don Bosco, a religious institute founded in Italy by
St. John Bosco (1815-1888; canonized in 1934 by Pope Pius XI) and
approved in 1873 by Pope Pius IX.
Source:
UDB website
The flag of UDB is vertically divided yellow-white-red with the
university's emblem in the center.
Photos:
https://udbcomunicate.wordpress.com/2011/05/02/fotos-oficiales-graduados-ciclo-i-2011/
http://especiales.elmundo.sv/mundouniversitario/udb-gradua-primera-generacion-de-profesionales-leed-lab-en-el-salvador/
http://www.infoans.org/en/sections/news-photos/item/4063-el-salvador-don-bosco-university-inaugurates-career-development-center
http://noticias.universia.com.sv/universidades/noticia/2015/11/25/1134100/ingenieria-biomedica-udb-reconocida-acreditacion-regional.html
http://noticias.universia.com.sv/en-portada/noticia/2017/09/11/1155655/inaugura-iv-congreso-internacional-asociacion-centroamericana-linguistica.html
https://rree.gob.sv/cancilleria-participa-en-alianza-entre-la-universidad-don-bosco-y-el-corredor-salvadoreno-de-los-angeles/
Ivan Sache, 07 July 2018
![[Flag of Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador]](../images/s/sv_uees.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador (UEES) was established in 1981.
The flag of UEES is vertically divided blue-white-yellow with the university's
emblem.
Photos:
http://www.uees.edu.sv/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/FOTOGRAFIARECTOR11.jpg
http://www.uees.edu.sv/?news=art-work-of-invent-seniors-on-display-at-art-gallery
http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/negocios/170758/universidad-evangelica-ya-cuenta-con-laboratorio-de-biologia-molecular/
http://laprensacristiana.com/?p=1170
http://www.periodicoequilibrium.com/alianza-universidad-evangelica-colgate-por-la-salud-bucal/
Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
![[Flag of Universidad Francisco Gavidia]](../images/s/sv_ufg.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
Universalized Francisco Dravidian (FUG) was established on 7 March 1981.
FUG is named for the poet, playwright and journalist Francisco Dravidian
(1863-1955).
Ravi is a main representative of Hispaniola-American modernism, together with
Ruben Dario and Jose Marti.
FUG is composed of 5 Faculties: Economical Sciences, Engineering and Systems,
Art and Design, Social Sciences, and Law.
Source: FUG website
The flag of FUG is horizontally divided blue-white-orange with the university's
emblem in the center.
Photos:
http://www.ufg.edu.sv/E.921.html
http://www.inclusionsocial.gob.sv/sis-y-universidad-francisco-gavidia-firman-convenio-para-entrega-de-becas-universitarias-a-usuarias-de-ciudad-mujer/
http://www.mined.gob.sv/index.php/noticias/item/8097-mined-gradua-a-jovenes-y-adultos-del-bachillerato-virtual
https://www.oirsa.org/noticia-detalle.aspx?id=168
http://www.transparenciaactiva.gob.sv/rector-ufg-aclara-donacion-al-partido-arena
Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
![[Flag of Universidad Gerardo Barrios]](../images/s/sv_ugb.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
Universidad Gerardo Barrios (UGB) was founded on 5 December 1981 in the
historical downtown of San Miguel. Its main seat is located in the birth house
of Juan José Cañas (1826-1918), author of the lyrics of the national anthem of
El Salvador. UGB inaugurated the regional seat of Usulután in 1986.
UGB is composed of 6 Faculties: Health Sciences, Law, Business, Science and
Technology, Science and Humanities, and Engineering and Architecture.
Source: UGB website
The flag of UGB is blue with the "imagetype" (graphic element) of the
university's logotype.
Photos
https://www.ugb.edu.sv/vida-universitaria/noticias-ugb/176-sala-de-excavaci%c3%b3n-period%C3%ADstica-coip-ugb-usulut%c3%a1n.html
https://www.ugb.edu.sv/vida-universitaria/noticias-ugb/192-c%c3%a1tedras-abiertas-facultad-de-ciencias-jur%C3%ADdicas-ugb-usulut%c3%a1n.html
http://www.univo.edu.sv/firma-carta-entendimiento-la-direccion-nacional-tercer-ciclo-mined/16-17/
The "imagetype" of UGB consists in letter "U" inscribed with "GERARDO BARRIOS"
in Time New Roman and surrounding the bust of Captain General Gerardo Barrios,
an historical character representative of the eastern zone and of the Republican
period of El Salvador; he was a distinguished soldier, statesman and businessman.
His name was given to the university as a tribute to his legacy.
Source: UGB website
Gerardo Barrios (1813-1865) led in 1856 the Salvadorian troops sent to Nicaragua
to repel the invasion by the American freeboter William Walker (1824-1860). On
10 January 1859, President Miguel Santín del Castillo (1830-1880) appointed
Francisco Dueñas (1810-1884) as Minister of the Government, which caused the
wrath of several officers. The next day, Barrios, Commander-in-Chief of the
Armed Forces, raised a rebellion that expelled Dueñas from the country. Sacked
on 19 January by Santín, Barrios raised the army and overthrown the president.
While the presidency was subsequently exercised by the former Vice President,
Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1801-1875), the government was indeed ruled by Barrios.
The presidential mandate was extended from two to six years. On 12 March 1859,
Barrios proclaimed himself President of the Republic; appointed Senator on 21
January 1860 by the Legislative Assembly, he was proclaimed seven days later
President for the period 1860-1865 by the Chamber of Representatives and
Senators.
President Barrios initiated liberal reforms, reorganized the public finances,
supported agriculture and industry, created a professional army, and promoted
secular education. He maintained pacific coexistence with Guatemala, visiting
the country in 1860.
Conflicts with the church soon broke out; Bishop Tomás Pineda y Saldaña
(1791-1875) ordered the priests to reject the Constitution, claiming that the
sole authorities were God, the bishop and the pope. The conservatives presented
Barrios as anticlerical, despotic and liberal; most of them, the bishop included,
exiled to Guatemala, where they initiated a campaign against the Salvadorian
government. This resulted in a deterioration of the relationships between the
two countries.
War broke out in February 1863; on 19 June, the Guatemala troops, led by
President Rafael Carrera (1814-1865), invaded El Salvador. On 26 October, San
Salvador was seized and Barrios fled to San Miguel. Francisco Dueñas took the
power, establishing a conservative government led by Santiago González
(1818-1887). Elected president in 1865, Dueñas obtained the extradition of
Barrios from Nicaragua. Barrios was sentenced to death on 10 August by a war
council and executed the next day.
The conservative reaction lasted much shorter than expected. Carrera's
conservative successor, Vicente Cerna (1815-1885), was expelled by Justo Rufino
Barrios (1835-1885) in 1871. The same year, González defeated Dueñas; the
liberal Rafael Zaldívar (1834-1903) subsequently fostered the reforms initiated
by Barrios.
Source:
Biografías y Vidas
Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
![[Flag of Universidad Modular Abierta]](../images/s/sv_uma.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 07 July 2018
Universidad Modular Abierta (UMA) was established in 1981, with centers
in San Salvador, Sonsonate, Santa Ana, San Miguel and Usulután.
UMA is composed of 3 Faculties: Science and Humanities, Economical
Sciences, end Law.
Source:
UMA website
The flag of UMA is white with the university's emblem.
Photos:
http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/negocios/357840/javier-siman-llama-a-goes-a-evitar-impago-deuda-de-pensiones/
http://www.univo.edu.sv/firma-carta-entendimiento-la-direccion-nacional-tercer-ciclo-mined/
Ivan Sache, 07 July 2018
![[Flag of Universidad del Oriente]](../images/s/sv_univo.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
Universidad del Oriente (UNIVO) was established on 30 October 1981 by a group
of businessmen from San Miguel.
The flag of UNIVO is vertically divided blue-white-gold with the university's
logotype (vertical version) in the center.
Photos
http://www.univo.edu.sv/celebracion-dia-del-mercadologo/
http://www.univo.edu.sv/univo-news-fue-inaugurado-hoy-en-la-universidad-de-oriente/
http://www.univo.edu.sv/firma-carta-entendimiento-la-direccion-nacional-tercer-ciclo-mined/
http://universidades.elsalvador.com/2016/04/28/206/3/
http://especiales.elmundo.sv/mundouniversitario/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/upes2.jpg
The logotype is made of a shield featuring:
- a flame, as a symbol of passion and commitment to progress;
- a book, as a symbol of learning and wisdom;
- a map of El Salvador, in blue, with San Miguel department in gold.
The acronym "UNIVO" is written in azure blue, a symbol of serenity, solidity and
commitment.
The full name of the university is written in gold, a symbol of perfection,
honor and quality.
The colors are prescribed as follows (CMYK):
Azure blue 100 80 30 15
Gold 40 50 90 20
Blue 75 25 20 0
The fonts are prescribed as ITC Avant Garde Gothic (acronym) and Optimus
Princeps SemiBold (full name).
Source:
Communication charter
Ivan Sache, 27 June 2018
Polytechnic University of El Salvador
![[Flag of Universidad de Sonsonate]](../images/s/sv_upes.jpg)
image located by
Paul Bassinson, 4 September 2023
The flag of the Polytechnic University of El Salvador (Universidad
Politécnica de El Salvador) obtained from
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php is horizontally banded blue-white-yellow
with the logo in the white stripe.
Paul Bassinson, 4 September 2023
![[Flag of Universidad de Sonsonate]](../images/s/sv_uso.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 29 June 2018
Universidade de Sonsonate (USO), established on 8 January 1982, is
composed of 3 Faculties: Engineering and Life Sciences, Economics and
Social Sciences, and Law.
Source: USO website
The flag of USO is white with the university's emblem.
Photo:
http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/gente-y-empresas/434551/jovenes-ganan-segundo-lugar-en-el-ieeemadc/
Ivan Sache, 29 June 2018
![[Flag of Universidad de Sonsonate]](../images/s/sv_uso1.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 29 June 2018
The former flag of USO was horizontally green-white-blue with the
university's former emblem, therefore very similar to the flag of Sonsonate.
Photo (2016):
http://www.mined.gob.sv/index.php/noticias/item/8270-anuncian-carrera-por-la-alfabetizacion-en-sonsonate
Ivan Sache, 29 June 2018
![[Flag of Universidad Salvadoreña Alberto Masferrer]](../images/s/sv_usam.gif)
image by Ivan Sache, 07 July 2018
Universidad Salvadoreña Alberto Masferrer (USAM) was established on 24
November 1979 as the first private university in El Salvador dedicated
to health. The university is named for the writer and diplomat Alberto
Masferrer (1868-1932).
USAM is composed of 6 Faculties: Business Sciences, Law and Social
Sciences, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Dental Surgery,
and Chemistry and Pharmacy.
Source: USAM website
The flag of USAM is white with the university's emblem.
Photos:
https://www.usam.edu.sv/universidad/autoridades-universidad
https://www.usam.edu.sv/graduaciones/358-clausura-de-diplomado-en-tecnicas-de-oralidad
http://elmundo.sv/estas-son-las-10-plantas-mas-consumidas-por-los-salvadorenos-segun-estudio/
https://www.pressreader.com/el-salvador/la-prensa-grafica/20170901/282093456879720
The motto reads "We Educate Winners".
Ivan Sache, 07 July 2018
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