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Genève canton (Switzerland)

image by António Martins

Description of the flag
Symbolism of the flag
History of the flag
Colour Flag
Flaggen, Knatterfahnen, and livery colours
Early 20th century flag design
Logo

See also:

Switzerland: ethnical/linguistic regions
Switzerland
PER PALE, DIMIDIATED in Dictionary of Vexillology
ARMORIAL GENEVOIS. Essai historique sur les armoiries, les sceaux, les milices et les sociétés militaires, les uniformes et les bannières,
les médailles et les monnaies de Genève, depuis l'époque la plus ancienne jusqu'à nos jours (by Jean-Daniel Blavignac, 1849, French)
Les armes officielles de la République et Canton de Genève (by Eugène Demole, 1917, French)
Les armoiries (by Revue d'histoire de l'art et d'archéologie, 1942, French)
Les armes de Genève (by Henry Deonna, 1942, French)

Description of the flag

Per pale or and gules, dexter: a dimidiated eagle displayed issuant from the partition sable, crowned langued beaked membered and armed of the second; sinister: a key in pale upward contourné gold.
Divided vertically into two equal parts, yellow (hoist) and red (fly). In the hoist, a black double-eagle with a red crown, beak, tongue, legs and claws, cut in half by the palar line. In the fly, a yellow upright key with its ward toward the fly.
T.F. Mills, 5 November 1997

Symbolism of the flag

The eagle symbolises loftiness, justice and protection. The key symbolises ecclesiastical rule, treasuries, and responsibility. The arms of Geneva are actually two shields impaled: half the eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, and one of the two keys of St. Peter (the "keys of heaven").
T.F. Mills, 5 November 1997

History of the flag

Geneva is one of the oldest cities in Europe, having been a Celtic capital before its conquest by the Romans in 121 BC. With the advent of Christianity, Geneva became an important and powerful bishopric. St. Peter's Cathedral still dominates the city. After the fall of Rome, Geneva came first under Frankish control, then Burgundian, and finally the Holy Roman Empire from which the city-state gained sovereignty in 1124. Savoy made repeated attempts to annex the city until 1603 when Bern lifted the last siege. Bern and Fribourg had been allies of Geneva since 1519, and Zurich formed a perpetual alliance in 1584, but the Swiss Catholic cantons blocked Geneva's attempt to become a full-fledged member of the Confederation. France annexed Geneva in 1793, but it regained its independence in 1813 and became the 22nd member of the restored Swiss Confederation in 1815.

The flag of the old bishopric of Geneva consisted of two gold keys on a red field, the field colour symbolising sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire ("Blutbanner"). The earliest known example dates from 1293. In the 15th century the imperial eagle was impaled with the keys (obscuring one key and half the eagle), thus demonstrating both the city's imperial freedom and the bishop's sovereignty.

The full coat of arms of Geneva consists of the shield surmounted by a crest in the form of half a sun inscribed with the initials "J H S" (Jesus Hominum Salvator), and below a scrolled motto "Post Tenebras Lux" (after the darkness, light). The sun was a symbol of Geneva from earliest times, and the motto was added during the Reformation. The full coat of arms appeared as the central device on Geneva's flamed war flag of 1815.

With the admission of Geneva in 1815, the modern Swiss Confederation assumed its current geographical shape, and remained at 22 cantons (not counting half-cantons) for the next 164 years.

T.F. Mills, 5 November 1997

[One of the earliest known depictions of the Geneva arms, from the Livre des Franchises (1451), showing an angel holding the Geneva shield, presenting it to the apostles Peter and Paul (the patron saints of Geneva).
The faces were defaced during the Reformation (source). –
Stained glass plate (1540), two CoA held by bear (representing Bern) and lion (representing Geneva). This glass painting was made for a private home in Bern; the Bernese bear (armed with a Swiss dagger) was added as a sign of heraldic courtesy (source). –
Flag of Republic of Geneva (1713, sources: [mue91], [b7b42]). –
Guidon of Genevan artillery (1814, b/w photo, H 42cm, W 47 cm). White cloth, blue ribbon with golden inscription POST TENEBRAS LUX. Inscription "1814" in gold. Golden fringes. Obverse and reverse identical (source: [b7b42]). –
New Military flag of Geneva canton after its accession to the Swiss Confederation in 1815 (source: [ges43]). See also photo (flag from 1820, source). –
Stained glass pane (1894). Location: town hall, Geneva (source)]

Colour Flag

image by Ole Andersen

Simple rectangular cantonal flag, as shown in Kannik (1956) [So-called colour flag (Farbenfahne in German), see also postcard from 1928].
Ole Andersen, 4 August 2002

See also: STATE COLOURS in Dictionary of Vexillology

Flaggen, Knatterfahnen and Livery Colours

images by Pascal Gross

Flaggen are vertically hoisted from a crossbar in the manner of gonfanon, in ratio of about 2:9, with a swallowtail that indents about 2 units. The chief, or hoist (square part) usually incorporates the design from the coat of arms – not from the flag. The fly part is always divided lengthwise, usually in a bicolour, triband or tricolour pattern (except Schwyz which is monocolour, and Glarus which has four stripes of unequal width). The colours chosen for the fly end are usually the main colours of the coat of arms, but the choice is not always straight forward.

Knatterfahnen are similar to Flaggen, but hoisted from the long side and have no swallow tail. They normally show the national, cantonal or communal flag in their chiefs.
Željko Heimer, 16 July 2000

See also: HANGING FLAG, VERTICALLY HOISTED FLAG, LIVERY COLOURS in Dictionary of Vexillology

Early 20th century flag design

images located by Martin Karner (left) and Pascal Gross
(postmark: 1909 | source | Other example, 1903) (source)

At the beginning of the 20th century, flamed flags were still in use, with the white cross replaced by a (baroque) shield in the centre of the flag. These decorative flags had been used until WWII and then somewhat forgotten in preference of the current cantonal flags. [Today they are being produced again, see right image.]
Pascal Gross, 30 June 2002

See also:   • National flag and other cantonal flags with "Early 20th century flag design"
                 • Modern flamed flags
                 • FLAMMES in Dictionary of Vexillology