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Switzerland

Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera, Svizra, Confoederatio Helvetica

image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 3 January 2006

Description of the Flag
Symbolism of the Flag
History of the Flag
Flaggen, Knatterfahnen and Livery Colours

See also:

Heraldic Banners (s.a. BANNER OF ARMS in Dictionary of Vexillology)
GREEK CROSS, CROSS HUMETTY, CROSS-COUPED in Dictionary of Vexillology
Clickable map of Europe
Les Armoiries et les Couleurs de la Confédération et des Cantons suisses (by Adolphe Gautier, 1879, French)
Das Schweizerkreuz (by Theodor von Liebenau, 1900, German)
Histoire du drapeau suisse: part 1 part 2 (by Paul de Vallière, 1908, French)
Gedanken über das Schweizerkreuz und seine Anwendung und Gestaltung (by Rudolf Münger, 1921, German)
À propos de l'origine du drapeau suisse (by Revue Militaire Suisse, 1949, French)
A very old and very modern flag – The Swiss Cross (by Simone de Rham, ICV 18, 1999)
The meaning of the flag (Article of the magazine Construire, 2000)
Die Wappenpyramide (by Günter Mattern, 1983, German)
Die altschweizerische Sitte der Fenster- und Wappenschenkung (by Rolf Hasler, 2013, German)
Timeline of Switzerland

Description of the Flag

Gules, a cross couped argent.

On a red field, a white equilateral cross whose arms are one sixth longer than their width. The relationship between the span of the cross and the width of the flag has not been established, but in practice the ratio is about 2:3 or 7:10.

The relative dimensions of the cross are defined in Article 1 of Federal Order #111 on the arms of the Helvetic Confederation (12 December 1889).

Unlike most flags of the world, the Swiss flag is square. This was an issue when Switzerland joined the UN in 2002, as all the flags displayed on UN Plaza should have the same size. The UN first had a rectangular flag, but the Swiss mission protested. Eventually the UN accepted a Swiss square flag. But, in order to have a flag that is not too small, the flag displayed on UN Plaza has the same area of a rectangular flag.

Pascal Gross

image by Željko Heimer
Source: [pay00] (left), [neu39] (right)

The ratio between of the cross span to the flag width is not established by law, but these two layouts show how common practice may have changed over time. The flag on the left (from Album 2000 [pay00]) has a ratio of 20:32=62.5%, while the flag on the right (from Flaggenbuch 1939 [neu39]) has a ratio of 80:110=72.7%. In both cases, the 6:7 ratio specified in 1889 that defines the relative dimensions of the white cross is retained.
The divisions along an edge of the 2000 version (6-7-6-7-6) are the same as those along the shorter axis of the Swiss naval ensign, whose construction details were set by law in 1953.
Željko Heimer, 30 January 2003

The protocol manual for the London 2012 Olympics (Flags and Anthems Manual London 2012) provides recommendations for national flag designs. Each NOC was sent an image of the flag, including the PMS shades, for their approval by LOCOG. Once this was obtained, LOCOG produced a 60 x 90 cm version of the flag for further approval. So, while these specs may not be the official, government, version of each flag, they are certainly what the NOC believed the flag to be.
For Switzerland: PMS 485 red. The vertical flag is simply the horizontal version turned 90 degrees clockwise (in 3:5 / 5:3 format, of course, like all Olympic flags).
Ian Sumner, 10 October 2012

Symbolism of the Flag

The Swiss cross on a red field ultimately derives from a similar banner of the Holy Roman Empire, and thus has strong Christian connotations. The Swiss flag traditionally stands for freedom, honour and fidelity (The motto Honor et Fidelitas was inscribed on the cross of several Swiss mercenary flags of the 18th century). In modern times, through association with consistent Swiss policy, the flag has also come to denote neutrality, democracy, peace and refuge.
See also an article from Construire, reporting views of Swiss citizens on the meaning of the national flag.
T.F. Mills, 14 November 1997

History of the Flag

While Swiss independence and democracy traditionally dates from 1291, people are often surprised to learn that the national flag in its current form dates only from 1889. Modern variations of the flag can be said to go back to 1815, and the original Confederate white cross on a red field dates from the 15th century. Its inspiration perhaps goes back to the 4th century.

Some have postulated that the Swiss flag owes its origin to the vexillum of the Theban Legion of the ancient Roman empire, but any such connection is pretty tenuous. In 302 Mauritius and his Christian legionnaires were executed in Valais for refusing to sacrifice to the Emperor and suppress the local Christians. Long after his death St. Maurice was granted arms of a white cross bottony on a red field (symbolising the shed blood of the legion's martyrs), and the arms of his namesake city (whose monastery was founded in 515) consist of the same cross on a field per pale azure and gules (see Saint-Maurice commune). The arms of Sts. Victor and Ursus, patron saints of Geneva and Solothurn and officers of the Theban Legion, also feature the white cross bottony (Medieval iconography sometimes depicts St. Maurice's flag and arms as a red cross on a white field, very similar to St. George's).

Most of the Swiss cantons first earned sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire, and were granted their banners by the Emperor. Later they banded together in a Confederation which grew from three members in 1291 to thirteen in 1513. By the Peace of Basel in 1499 ending the Swabian War, the Swiss threw off the last vestiges of imperial obligations, and their full independence was recognised in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (a war in which the Swiss actually had no part).

The Holy Roman Empire had three banners. The personal banner of the emperor was a black eagle on a yellow field (the eagle evoking continuity with ancient Rome), and these colours can be seen as the inspiration for several cantons (Uri, Bern, Schaffhausen, Geneva). The flag of the Empire was a white cross extending to the edges of a red field, and symbolised the Emperor's role as the protector of Christianity. This eventually became the Empire's war flag, and inspired many other flags in the German and Italian states. A third plain red banner (Blutbann) was displayed when the Emperor administered justice, and thus symbolised his power over life and death. During investitures of vassals, the Emperor granted this flag as a sign that they were empowered to exercise life-and-death justice in the name of the Emperor. When the Emperor granted sovereignty to a city-state, a red flag – sometimes with white cross – signified freedom and independence from all temporal powers other than the emperor. This influence can be seen in the flags of Unterwalden, Solothurn, and most notably Schwyz. The Schwyz flag was originally an unadorned red banner, and the assumption that the modern Swiss flag derives from it is incorrect since the Swiss cross was in use by the Confederation about a century before Schwyz added it to its flag.

Some cantonal war flags bore a schwenkel, or long pennant, usually granted by the Emperor as a symbol of sovereignty and high rank within the empire. Zurich's in particular is significant since it was red with a small white cross near the hoist (derived from the imperial banner). This schwenkel was granted in 1273, and Zurich eventually became the most powerful member of the Swiss Confederation, with her military commander holding supreme command over Confederate forces. The schwenkel may have influenced the development of the Swiss cross, but it would be a mistake to assume that other cantons had a red schwenkel or that Zurich's signified its membership in the Swiss alliance [See also: Der Schwenkel, by Günter Mattern, and Über die eidgenössischen Kriegsfahnen und das Glarner Fahnenbuch, by Eduard A. Gessler (both in German)].

While the cantons of the Swiss Confederation went to war flying their individual banners, they soon recognised the need for a common recognition sign, and as early as 1339 at the battle of Laupen, troops wore a long-armed narrow white linen cross stitched on their breasts, sleeves and thighs. Soon afterwards, cantonal detachment started putting this white cross on their cantonal banners. Besides its familiar bear flag, powerful Bern had a red over black guidon, and white cross on the red part of their banner became a major sign of recognition. At the battle of Arbedo in 1422 and quite regularly thereafter, mixed levies from more than one Canton carried red triangular guidons with a white cross (see image). The last time this triangular guidon appeared in battle was in 1540, by which time it was already evolving into a full four-sided flag. All these uses of the Confederate cross became increasingly important since Confederation armies were likely to meet other Swiss mercenary troops in the employ of enemies. But 1540 was also the last time a Swiss confederate army was called out until the French invasion of 1798, so the white cross on a red field disappeared from use. The Confederation remained the loosest and most decentralised of governments, and while it had no flag there remained a state seal recognised throughout Europe as the insignia of the Thirteen Cantons. It was a white cross "traversante" on a red shield, and it came to be known in Switzerland as the "federal cross".

Swiss prowess on the battlefield put them in high demand as mercenaries. The Swiss signed "capitulations" with other countries, enlisting whole regiments of mercenaries. Many of these regiments in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially those in French service, carried flags with the white cross traversante. The quarters created by this cross were not red, but rather filled with all sorts of devices – usually "flames" in the colours of the colonel's arms.

In many ways Switzerland entered the modern era when the French overthrew the flag-less Swiss Confederation in 1798. Switzerland had recalled its French regiments in 1792 when the Swiss Guard was massacred in Paris, but they were disarray six years later, and only Bern resisted the invasion. When France imposed the Helvetic Republic on the Swiss in 1798, they also recruited a Helvetic Legion of four regiments to fight France's wars. While the regiments carried flags with an image of William Tell – the seal of the Republic – these flags bore no resemblance to previous Swiss iconography. When the regiments returned home after the fall of Napoleon they became border troops, and the restored Swiss Confederation in 1815 presented each of them with an honorary flag (see image). These flags were an important development in that they represented the first prototype of a modern federal flag. They consisted of a long narrow white cross, couped near the edges of the flag, on a red field. This cross was essentially the centuries-old "confederate" cross, but in its slightly truncated form it prefigured the forthcoming federal cross. Spanning the vertical arms of the cross was a sword wrapped in a laurel vine. The obverse of the horizontal arms contained the text "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft" (Swiss Confederation), while the reverse featured the motto "FÜR VATERLAND UND EHRE" (For Fatherland and Honour).

The cantons remained all-powerful and raised their own armies, but since they had their own varied flags and uniforms, a federal armband consisting of a short white cross on a red field was introduced for all troops. This 1815 armband was in effect the precursor of the stocky white cross which would soon appear on the federal flag. Also in 1815 the government of the restored Confederation designed a state seal consisting of the short white cross on a red shield and surrounded by the arms of the twenty-two cantons (Thus the seal also necessarily "finalised" the form of the cantonal arms). The cross on the pre-1798 seal had extended to the edges of the shield.

General Henri-Guillaume Dufour, charged with training a small federal cadre of troops in 1817, simultaneously championed the idea of a federal flag for Switzerland. He argued that cantons flying the same flag were more likely to feel fraternity and come to each other's aid in times of crisis (which they had failed to do in 1798). This flag (see image) first flew at nationwide military maneuvers in 1821, and gradually caught the popular imagination. It appears to have been in fairly widespread unofficial use by the 1830s. In 1833 Aargau – one of the new cantons created in 1803 – scrapped its cantonal war flag in favour of the new federal flag. Other cantons, especially the older ones, resisted surrendering centuries of history to this new federal identity. In 1840 the Diet ruled that the federal flag would replace cantonal war flags for all of Switzerland's armed forces. This flag went to war for the first and only time with Dufour's federal army as it suppressed the Sonderbund forces in the short civil war of 1847. The federal flag consisted of a stocky white cross, made up of five equal squares on a red field [Example: Federal mail coach shield from 1848. From 1848 the postal service was organized on national level (source)]. This transformation of the old Confederate cross was probably adopted to avoid confusion with Savoy. The flag was enshrined in the Constitution of 1848, which in effect transformed Switzerland from a loose Confederation into a unitary federal state [For more about those events see Langendorf SO]. So well did it catch on that when the Constitution was rewritten in 1874 no further mention was made of a federal flag.

While it took several decades to adopt the now familiar federal flag, it took a few more to refine it. It was widely criticized as being ugly, and beginning in 1880 a sometimes vehement debate broke out in the press. Finally in 1889 the Federal Assembly ruled that Switzerland was keeping its white cross, but that it would be changed from the five equal squares to one in which the arms were one sixth longer than they were wide. This last change in the flag actually brought it into conformity with the cross on the state seal of 1815. [For more info about the history of the Swiss flag see also links and images on Swiss Army flags]

It is evident from its history that the Swiss national flag evolved from war flags, which is why it is square. That distinction among the world's nations is shared only with the Vatican, which is ironically the only state for which Switzerland still permits mercenary service.

Switzerland has no Presidential flag, but during national crises the Federal Assembly appoints an overall commanding general with extraordinary emergency powers. As a sign of this authority, the general receives a special standard. It is an unadorned national flag with red and white fringe, identical to a cavalry guidon. The last such flag was carried by General Henri Guisan during the mobilisation of 1939–1945.

T.F. Mills, 14 November 1997

Another postulated explanation for the origin of the Swiss flag is that during the resistance against the Austrians, the early Swiss (mostly peasants in arms) used to stitch two stripes of white fabrics on their clothes to recognize each other during combat. From this, the white cross became the symbol of the Swiss. The red color (imperial color) came later, as it was "granted" by the Austrian Emperor.
Jacques F. Baud, 7 December 2002

Mühlemann [mue91] states with "high probability" a connection between the federal cross and the cult of the Ten Thousand Knights. The martyrs of the Theban Legion later were added with this designation to the martyrology of the occidental Church. The abbey of Saint-Maurice (Valais) owes its foundation to the veneration of those martyrs. Since the Early Middle Ages the veneration of the Theban martyrs Mauritius (St. Maurice), Victor and Ursus is proven in the Swiss realm which makes the connection to the events of the 4th century. Ursus and Victor are said to have fled and been executed in Solothurn. Those three saints often are depicted on church devices, reliquaries, seals and altar pieces. Since the beginning of heraldry fictitious flags have been associated to those saints (as it was a usual practice in other European countries). Most depictions show a white cross on a red field which is either extending to the edges (for Mauritius and Ursus) or a cross bottony (for Mauritius and Victor) (p. 13). Notwithstanding Mühlemann doesn't exclude the possibility that the war banner of the Holy Roman Empire (white cross on red field) could have influenced too the early Swiss when they chose a white cross (p. 14).
Martin Karner, 4 December 2022

Niklaus Franz von Bachmann from Näfels (Glarus) was a Swiss general who fought in the Napoleonic Wars on the side of the Britsh-Austrian-Russian coalition. He is considered to be the rediscoverer of the Swiss Cross, which had been forgotten since the late Middle Ages as a common symbol of the confederate troops. In 1799 he took over command of the Swiss troops fighting against Napoleon on the Allied side. In the spring of 1800 he introduced the red armband with the white cross for his troops (source). This can be seen as the birth of the modern Swiss Flag, although the flag as such had not yet been introduced (This only happened in 1821 through the efforts of General Dufour). The red armband was introduced in the Swiss troops as a common sign in 1815, when the Diet appointed Bachmann commander-in-chief of the federal troops.
Martin Karner, 17 Mai 2024

Triangular Confederate Flag (1422)

image by T.F. Mills

Honorary Federal Flag granted to regiments returning from France (1815)

images located by Martin Karner (left) and drawn by T.F. Mills
obverse (source) reverse

See also: HONORARY DISTINCTION(S) in Dictionary of Vexillology

General Dufour's Federal Flag (1821/1833)

image by T.F. Mills

General Dufour's Federal Flag, proposed in 1817, first flown in 1821, adopted in Aargau in 1833, and in the whole Army in 1840. Cross consists of five equal squares.

Flaggen, Knatterfahnen and Livery Colours

images by Pascal Gross

Flaggen are vertically hoisted from a crossbar in the manner of gonfanon, in ratio of about 2:9, with a swallowtail that indents about 2 units. The chief, or hoist (square part) usually incorporates the design from the coat of arms – not from the flag. The fly part is always divided lengthwise, usually in a bicolour, triband or tricolour pattern (except Schwyz which is monocolour, and Glarus which has four stripes of unequal width). The colours chosen for the fly end are usually the main colours of the coat of arms, but the choice is not always straight forward.

Knatterfahnen are similar to Flaggen, but hoisted from the long side and have no swallow tail. They normally show the national, cantonal or communal flag in their chiefs.
Željko Heimer, 16 July 2000

See also: HANGING FLAG, VERTICALLY HOISTED FLAG, LIVERY COLOURS, NATIONAL COLOURS in Dictionary of Vexillology

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