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Oman

عُمان, Uman, Sultanate of Oman, Saltanat 'Uman

4:7 image by Zoltan Horvath, 13 August 2024
Flag adopted 18 October 1995, emblem adopted 23 July 1985

See also:

Description

On 25 April 1995 certain changes were introduced to the Omani national flag by virtue of a directive of the Sultan. The general appearance of the flag remains the same except that the horizontal stripes are now of equal width. The vertical stripe along the hoist is one-[fourth] of the flag's length [possibly mistaken, see construction sheets, Ed.] and the flag's proportions are now 1:2. The colours and the emblem in the canton remain unchanged.
Bruce Berry, 23 November 1995

When the proportions of the flag were changed in 1995 from 2:3 to 1:2, the width of the vertical red stripe at hoist was also modified from 1/3rd to 1/4th of the fly [possibly mistaken, see construction sheets, Ed.]. This is confirmed by my personal observations during my stay in Oman and the middle-sized flag I bought there. Some sources keep the original and therefore too wide red stripe.
Ivan Sache, 04 August 1998

From the Oman Ministry of Information website:

The National Flag was raised for the first time on 17th December 1970. The flag carries the Sultanate's emblem of two crossed swords with a khanjar and belt superimposed. White depicts the conviction of the Omani people in peace and prosperity. Red, which is dominant, has been adopted from the old Omani flag (which was red) and this symbolises the battles fought by Omanis for the eviction of foreign invaders from the country, and green represents fertility and greenery of the land.
Before the 25th National Day in November 1995 new regulations were introduced for the proportion of the three colours, the dimensions of the flag and the height of the poles on which it may be flown, according to the building and purpose.

Dov Gutterman, 19 March 1999

According to [Album des Pavillons (2000) the new national flag was adopted in 1995, redefining the relative sizes of the coloured flag fields. [Album des Pavillons (2000) gives the relative width of the hoist red field towards the fly tricolour field as 18:42, while FotW has it as 1:3, as compared with the pre-1995 1:2. The current fly stripes are all of equal width, while the old version had the stripes as 2:1:2. (...) The canton emblem is adapted from Corel Clipart, to my best knowledge rather well made.
Željko Heimer, 21 August 2002

1:2 image by Zoltan Horvath, 17 August 2024

The French Navy Books illustrate the national flag with ratio of 1:2, but with a note: [ratio] in 4:7, government buildings; in 5:7, airports and ceremonies.
Zoltan Horvath, 13 August 2024

Color Specifications

The Royal Decree 53/2004 defines the flag with construction details, illustration and color specifications: https://qanoon.om/p/2004/l2004053/
Zoltan Horvath, 13 August 2024

The protocol manual for the London 2012 Olympics (Flags and Anthems Manual London 2012 [loc12]) provides recommendations for national flag designs. Each NOC was sent an image of the flag, including the PMS shades, for their approval by LOCOG. Once this was obtained, LOCOG produced a 60 x 90 cm version of the flag for further approval. So, while these specs may not be the official, government, version of each flag, they are certainly what the NOC believed the flag to be.
For Oman: PMS 186 red, 347 green. On the horizontal flag, the point of the dagger points towards the staff on the obverse, and towards the fly on the reverse. The vertical flag is simply the horizontal version turned 90 degrees clockwise, but the point of the dagger points downwards, and both sides are the same.
Ian Sumner, 10 October 2012

The Flag Manual - Beijing 2008 gives Pantone colors: PMS Warm Red, and PMS 354C (green).

The Album des Pavillons 2000 [pay00] (Corr. No. 3.) gives approximate colors in Pantone and CMYK systems:
Red: Pantone 179c, CMYK 0-80-95-0
Blue: Pantone 303c, CMYK 100-0-0-75
Light blue: Pantone 284c, CMYK 60-20-0-0
Green: Pantone 355c, CMYK 100-0-90-0
Yellow: Pantone 110c, CMYK 0-10-95-5

The Album des Pavillons 2023 specifies the colors of the flags in three color systems:
Blue: Pantone 284c, CMYK 59-23-0-0, RGB 108-171-231
Blue: Pantone 303c, CMYK 100-72-44-43, RGB 0-52-77
Red: Pantone 179c, CMYK 3-88-88-0, RGB 226-56-40
Yellow: Pantone 110c, CMYK 15-29-98-3, RGB 219-174-0
Green: Pantone 355c, CMYK 84-12-100-1, RGB 0-149-48

Vexilla Mundi gives colors in Pantone system: PMS 186C (red), PMS 347C (green), and PMS White.

Wikipedia illustrates the flag, but doesn’t give any color specification.

Flag Color Codes gives the following color values:
Hex RGB CMYK Pantone RAL
White: Hex #FFFFFF, RGB 255-255-255, CMYK 0-0-0-0, Pantone n/a, RAL n/a
Red: Hex #C8102E, RGB 200-16-46, CMYK 0-100-80-5, Pantone 186, RAL 3028
Green: Hex #009A44, RGB 0-154-68, CMYK 92-0-97-0, Pantone 347, RAL 6024

Zoltan Horvath, 13 August 2024

Emblem

image by Zoltan Horvath, 13 August 2024

The national emblem of Oman is Janbiya Bo Sayfain, an insignia consisting of a Janbiya inside its sheath that is superimposed upon two crossed swords. Adopted in the 18th century as the badge of the Omani royal family, it subsequently became the national emblem of the Sultanate of Oman.
Zoltan Horvath, 13 August 2024

P. Lux-Wurm, Les drapeaux de l'Islam [lux01] messes up the description of the national emblem:

National arms: two crossed "khanjars", curved daggers with pommel and sheath inlaid with silver. (...) Between the daggers is placed the "gourith", a small traditional axe whose head is 10 cm long.

In fact, the "axe" is the curved dagger called "khanjar" or "gambar", and the "curved daggers" are swords. This is explained in [Smith (1975) and [ Ultimate Pocketbook Flags of the World, and I can confirm the identity of the khanjar from my trip to Oman.
Ivan Sache, 08 May 2002

It seems to me that complexity of the emblem makes it rather difficult to reproduce, and it does quite differ from one representation to another.
Željko Heimer, 21 August 2002

As far I know the emblem was slightly changed 23 July 1985. The old emblem is shown in [ The Flag Bulletin 10:2 and was used in the flags before 1985 (even in 1957 when the Sultan asked Wendell Philips to draw a new flag, that later was not adopted). I assume that the new rendition was used after 1985 when new flags were manufactured but I don't know any legislation that established the change.
Jaume Ollé, 21-22 August 2002

According to [Crampton 1990, p. 77:

The badge is two crossed scimitars and a dagger, known as a gambia, linked by an ornate horse bit. At first this was plain white, but in 1985 it was altered to red with white fimbriations.

Mark Sensen, 22 August 2002

I have seen such daggers for sale in several shops in Muscat, Sur and Nizwa, and they were always labelled in English "khandjar" or "khanjar", depending on the shops. Shop owners called the daggers "khanjars" (when speaking). The book Oman, le sultanat de l'Encens by Alain Chenevière also uses consistently the word "khanjar".
Ivan Sache, 23 August 2002

The dagger characteristic of Oman, in which the scabbard has a 90 degree turn as shown on the Omani emblem is indeed a "khanjar". The "jambiyya" —which an Egyptian would pronounce "gambiyya" or "gambia"— is more typical of Yemen and the blade curves all the way back on itself so the bottom of the scabbard is almost semicircular or crescent-shaped.
Joseph McMillan, 24 August 2002

Looking at the legislation, it mentions the crossed swords and the dagger, but is silent about the third element. The illustration which accompanied the latest version I have shows, in fact, three chain links between two elaborate end-pieces which could be either an elaborate belt or a curb chain according to your interpretation? Both Smith (1975) and Znamierowski (2000) call this object a "belt", but I have, in fact found one reference to the device being a horse bit. It occurs in a tiny little pocket book called "Collins Gem Flags" by [Carol P Shaw, 1994 Edition which says "two crossed sabres feature behind a gambia, a traditional local dagger, and an elaborate horse bit appears in the foreground overall".
Christopher Southworth, 20 January 2005

The emblem consists of a curved khanjar, the traditional Omani dagger. The one on the flag is a "Sayyidi" khanjar which was designed for a previous 19th c. Al Said ruler ("Sayyid" can be translasted as "prince"). The two crossed swords are Omani "saifs," a specific design of sword. The horizontal band is the belt for the khanjar, from which the dagger hangs around the waist.
Tony Walsh, 04 May 2009

Regarding the "third element" of the emblem on the Oman flag, about which the official law is silent, it is not a horse bit, but is indeed "an elaborate belt". The khanjar is sheathed, and the sheath is attached by rings to the belt. Many khanjars in their sheaths or scabbards are sold in this state, attached to a similarly elaborate belt.
Les Kirkham, 21 Sep 2010

I am very familiar with the Sultanic badge/emblem which makes up part of the flag (having served as an officer in the Royal Army of Oman for a number of years, I wore it as a cap badge.) It consists of:

A pair of saifs, Omani swords, slightly curved with long handles but no guards, which are part of national dress. They are not sabres or daggers.
A kunjar, a typical Omani dagger which is not worn elsewhere in Arabia except in Muscat and along the coast a little way towards Dubai. It is also a defining part of national dress. The version on the badge is the Al bu Said version which is specific to the Royal Family of Oman and not in general use. This is distinguished by a small pommel as opposed to a much large almost T shaped pommel on the generic version. The kunjar is also defined by a very complicated system of silver loops and wrapped wire which attaches it to the belt. The two rectangular objects connected by two large and two small rings shown on the badge are the belt and its attachments. It is not a horse bit!

Edwin Parks, 08 January 2008

Flag Variants

4:7 5:7 both images by Željko Heimer, 15 September 2002

Furthermore, Album des Pavillons 1990 [pie90] indicates three kinds of national flags:

the National Flag, 1:2
the State Flag, hoisted on official buildings, 4:7
the Ceremony Flag, hoisted on airports and during ceremonies, 5:7

I remember having seen in several instances flags on official buildings, usually by groups of two. I infer that one of them was 1:2 and the other one 4:7. This is only hypothetical because such proportions are nearly impossible to distinguish on flags agitated by wind and located at a quite long distance. I cannot remember having seen any flag at As-Seeb international airport.
Ivan Sache, 04 August 1998

At the 1999 Frankfurt Book Fair, I saw one interesting flag on the Oman stand: usual desktop flag with bronze coat-of-arms instead of white as in FOTW drawings.
Gvido Pētersons, 21 October 1999

Album des Pavillons 2000 [pay00] explains in a footnote that 4:7 flags are used for government buildings and 5:7 for airports and ceremonies.
Željko Heimer, 21 August 2002

Mistaken variants in some flag books

Width of hoist stripe equals 1/3rd fly as in 1970-1995 flag

image by Mark Sensen and Ivan Sache, 04 August 1998

When the proportions of the flag were changed in 1995 from 2:3 to 1:2, the width of the vertical red stripe at hoist was also modified from 1/3rd to 1/4th of the fly. Some sources keep the original and therefore too wide red stripe, including Dorling Kindersley 1997 [udk97].
Ivan Sache, 04 August 1998

Ceremonial flag with proportions 5:9

5:9 image by Željko Heimer, 21 August 2002

Album des Pavillons 2000 [pay00] gives this ratio as 5:9, which is incorrect, resulting from a misinterpretation of the Arabic numerals in the official construction sheet: the length of 35 was interpreted as 45, the original clearly states 35, as a sum of 10 and 25.
Željko Heimer, 15 September 2002

Civil Ensign proposal 1980s

image by Ivan Sache, 08 May 2002

P. Lux-Wurm, Les drapeaux de l'Islam [lux01], shows as 'civil ensign' a plain red flag with the national emblem in canton. Lux-Wurm's book seems to be full of approximate, unverified, and very often utterly wrong vexillological information. In most cases, the flags shown have not been crosschecked in reference source books and other sources. I would advise to consider all flags shown in this book as 'to be confirmed elsewhere'.
Ivan Sache, 08 May 2002

This was Whitney Smith's proposal for the civil ensign. I saw a photo —perhaps in an early Flag Bulletin [tfb]— of Smith holding an example of this flag. He may have been presenting it to the Sultan himself.
Dean McGee, 09 May 2002

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